通信网动力需求及开关电源发展趋势探讨一体化开关电源,高频开关电源, 室外电源机柜,室内电源机柜,华为开关电源

一、前语

通讯电源是通讯网络的要害根底设备。在通讯网络开展初期选用的相控整流电源满意的仅仅根本的稳压供电要求，而在通讯作业大开展的十几年中，通讯电源职业在微弱需求带动下阅历了快速革新。纵观通讯电源开展过程，其产品前进首要受两个要素影响：电力电子技能和通讯网络设备对动力平台的要求。在现阶段，除了以上两个推进通讯电源产品开展的要素之外，节能减排要求是通讯电源产品最重要的技能导向，也是对企业社会职责的要求。

通讯电源设备作为要害的根底设备，在通讯网络运用中需求归纳考虑建造本钱、运转本钱、技能先进性、稳定性、环保等各个方面。自工业和信息化部发放3G车牌以来，运营商之间全事务、全方位的竞赛格式现已构成，国内通讯职业正在阅历商场格式的深远改变。

二、通讯电源技能与运用开展进程

通讯电源技能的开展与通讯设备、商用通讯网络的开展休戚相关。20世纪70年代，网络通讯设备简直悉数选用模仿技能，输入电压规划窄，装备的开口式铅酸蓄电池组需求添加尾电池，对电源设备输出特性要求简略，而对输入特性简直没有要求。这一时期的通讯电源首要选用相控整流技能，一般功率在80%以下，功率因数低于0.85，谐波高于30%，且体积巨大。

20世纪80年代，跟着能够宽电压供电的数字程控交换机的引进，对供电质量要求进步；另一方面，电力部门对用电设备输入特性也越来越注重。1994年我国决议大规划开展数字移动通讯网之后，网络建造对电源设备提出了新的要求。1994年，在原邮电部要求通讯职业推行运用高频开关电源以取代相控电源之后10年时间内，作为第三代通讯电源的智能高频开关电源现已完成对第二代通讯电源的代替晋级，在产品规划、本钱操控、制作才能、质量操控等各方面具有适当的成熟度，有用的支撑了商用通讯网络的牢靠运转。

三、第四代通讯用直流电源

现在在网运用的高频开关电源大多选用软开关技能，功率已较相控电源进步了10%以上，日常较低负载率运转功率可到达85%左右。2008年以来，操控技能和器材技能的前进使得更合理的拓扑得以运用，以整流器功率高于96%为明显标志的第四代电源产品开端商用。4年以来，高效电源有了更大的技能前进，产品成熟度现已彻底满意通讯职业要求。干流厂商现都能够出产高功率开关电源产品，部分职业抢先的厂家现已推出了峰值功率高于98%的整流模块（为表述便利，下文将第四代通讯用直流电源称为高效直流电源）。

四、第四代通讯用直流电源的运用状况

国内电信运营商从2010年开端选用高效直流电源，从运用作用来看，高效直流电源具有更高的牢靠性、环境适应才能，并能够有用的下降基站能耗。

1）更高的牢靠性

因为产品的能耗下降，所以高效直流电源的发热量下降。比较一般功率电源，高效直流电源发热量下降50%以上。如图1所示，在机房温度25℃～35℃时，高效模块内部要害器材（整流桥、开关器材、主变压器、电解电容）的温度比较普效模块下降约5℃～15℃，然后寿数得到进步。其中对温度最为敏感的电解电容，寿数可进步40%以上。从实践运用的故障率统计数据来看，第四代通讯电源产品比一般功率产品低10％～20％。



图1 普效与高效模块热规划、运转温度、寿数比照

2）更好的环境适应才能

跟着节能减排的深化，基站运转温度逐渐进步，以最大限度的削减制冷能耗。在长时间实验获得杰出作用之后，进步站点空调的作业温度现已成为运营商节能减排的重要手法。

我国移动公布的《关于我国移动“2011年绿色行动计划”作业的辅导定见》中要求80%的基站运转温度进步到30℃，20%的基站运转温度进步到35℃。而跟着WLAN、FTTx的建造，网络不断深化，装置于弱电井、楼梯间等缺少专门的环境调理设备场合的站点越来越多，温度、湿度、空气洁净度都无法保证。另一方面，户外型站点因为建站速度快，出资运转本钱低，近年开展也呈上升态势。站点的开展要求电源设备具有愈加杰出的环境适应性。

基站现网运用的直流电源答应作业温度规划一般是－5℃～40℃，且日平均气温不高于35℃。而高效模块数字化程度的进步和发热量的明显下降为愈加优化的热规划供给了可能，55℃下可满载输出的产品也已在市道呈现，最高答应作业温度答应到达65℃。直流电源作业温度规划的进步，能够让电源设备正常作业于弱电井、楼梯间等缺少专门的环境调理设备的场合，也能够使电源设备正常作业于户外型站点。各厂商的一般功率直流电源在这些场景下作业时，故障率遍及添加30%以上，选用高效直流电源往后，故障率大大下降，能够与一般功率模块在有空调站点运转的故障率相等。

选用高效直流电源，能够为通讯网络的深度掩盖供给更好的供电保证。

3）更低的能耗水平

全球气候变暖对国际的影响现已越来越深化，节能减排是全球每个企业和每个人应当承当的社会职责。1992年经过的《联合国气候改变结构条约》和1997年经过并于2005年生效的《京都议定书》强化了全社会一切集体、安排、企业和个人的职责。

另一方面，2008年以来通讯网络再次高速开展，2011年末三大运营商基站总量已达180万，较2008年添加近4倍。尽管多载波功率放大、分布式基站等技能的广泛运用有用下降了单站点能耗，电费依然成为运营商归纳本钱傍边添加最快的部分。通讯网络能耗的进一步下降成为运营商实行社会职责和下降运营本钱的共同要求。详细到开关电源产品，最首要的技能方针是进步其动力转换功率。

现在，一般功率直流电源首要的节能手法为休眠节能，日常作业功率约为90%，另有约20%站点的电源设备因建造较早无法运用该技能，实践运转功率更低，约85%。而高效直流电源体系作业功率可到95%以上。

站点的实践运转状况的比照数据见表1，三个基站负荷均为2103W，别离选用高效直流电源、一般功率直流电源和早期直流电源。

表1    基站选用不同电源能耗比照



*：此处空调制冷耗电是指在主设备和其他设备之外，开关电源设备耗电而引起空调制冷的耗电量。

按以上实践的运转测验状况核算，基站因选用高效电源所添加出资，两年左右能够回收；选用高效电源改造老旧站点，两年半即可回收设备出资。现在高效开关电源收购本钱比一般功率开关电源产品添加较多，首要原因国内收购高效模块较少，在厂家完成规划化的出产之后，出资报答周期将进一步缩短。

除已选用高效的约站点外，全网其他约160万站点如选用高效开关电源代替现有电源，年可节约用电约29亿度。除基站外，国内全网还有约5万套分立电源，现在能效水平遍及不高，且不适用休眠节能功用，如悉数选用高效电源，年可节约用电也将超越20亿度。能够看到，尽管单站年节电仅几千度，但滴水成海，第四代电源的功率进步关于日益巨大的通讯网络能耗操控含义特殊。

4） 第四代通讯电源国内开展状况

尽管运用作用很好，但国内运营商高效直流电源的收购规划一向不高于直流电源总量的10%，分立式电源中高效电源的收购份额更低。国内运营商本钱开支压力逐年增大，对设备收购的初期投入操控较严。选用高效直流电源初期投入每套电源添加3000～4000元，可是从长远来看，其TCO要大大优于选用一般功率直流电源，一般状况下，两年左右即能够回收初期添加的设备出资。

国内通讯职业还处于开展期，电源设备的运用依然坚持较大规划；现有开关电源运用时间最长超越了15年，往后将逐渐进入代替替换期。针对国内通讯职业的开关电源运用，应改动以贱价为导向的收购形式，需求归纳考虑建造本钱、运转本钱、技能先进性、稳定性、环保等各个方面。作为大型国有企业，电信运运营商应主动承当社会职责。主张在往后的集采中中止收购普效电源产品，全面收购第四代高功率电源产品；针对在网老旧设备，选用第四代高功率电源产品分批进行逐渐替换。
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五、 国际首要运营商能耗及电源运用状况

依据各自年报，我国运营商和欧洲首要运营商单位收入的能耗状况见表2和表3。尽管各运营商各自的事务构成、事务资费、能耗本钱对该能效值存在影响，但仍可看出咱们的能耗水平还远高于欧洲同行，这也阐明咱们的节能降耗还有较大的进步空间。

表2 我国运营商单位收入能耗状况



表3 欧洲首要运营商单位收入能耗状况



另一方面，现在在国内的通讯电源设备收购中，产品的功率目标并未得到充分注重，实践收购的电源产品仍以第三代一般功率电源产品为主。相比照之下，欧洲首要运营商在2011年起，高功率电源设备的收购份额即到达了80%以上，远高于国内运用份额。近年国外首要运营商通讯电源投标功率目标要求见表4。

表4 国外首要运营商通讯电源投标功率目标要求



六、 结束语

电信职业重组后运营商的竞赛格式正在阅历改变，日益巨大、不断深化开展的通讯网络关于承载其运转要害设备的通讯电源也提出了新的要求。能耗、体积、环境适应性等特性影响到整个网络的布置、牢靠性和商用价值，正越来越遭到运营商重视。得益于器材、操控技能和电力电子拓扑研讨的发展，新一代数字化高功率通讯电源设备适应这些要求，正在成为承载通讯网络的首要力量，也是完成节能减排的首要技能手法。

First, preface

Communication power supply is the key infrastructure of communication network. In the early stage of the development of communication network, the phase controlled rectifier power supply meets only the basic requirement of stable voltage supply. In the more than ten years of the rapid development of communication industry, the telecommunication power industry has experienced rapid change with strong demand. Throughout the development of communication power, the progress of its products is mainly influenced by two factors: power electronics and communication network equipment. At the present stage, in addition to the above two factors to promote the development of communication power products, the requirements of energy saving and emission reduction are the most important technical guidance for the communication power products, and also the requirements for the corporate social responsibility.

As the key basic equipment, the communication power equipment needs to consider the construction cost, the operation cost, the technology advanced, the stability, the environmental protection and so on in the communication network application. Since the 3G license issued by the Ministry of industry and information technology (Ministry of information technology), the whole business and all direction competition pattern has been formed among the operators, and the domestic communications industry is undergoing profound changes in the market pattern.

Two. The development process of communication power technology and Application

The development of communication power technology is closely related to the development of communication equipment and commercial communication network.  In 1970s, almost all the analog technology was used in the network communication equipment, the input voltage range was narrow. The open lead-acid battery in the configuration needs to increase the tail battery. The output characteristics of the power supply equipment are simple, and the input characteristics are hardly required.  In this period, the communication power supply mainly adopts phase controlled rectification technology, with a general efficiency of less than 80%, a power factor of less than 0.85, and a harmonic greater than 30%.

In 1980s, with the introduction of digital program-controlled switchboard with wide voltage power supply, the quality of power supply was raised. On the other hand, the power sector has paid more and more attention to the input characteristics of the power supply equipment. Since China decided to develop large-scale digital mobile communication network in 1994, network construction has put forward new requirements for power supply equipment. In 1994, in the 10 years after the former Ministry of post and Telecommunications required the communications industry to replace the phase controlled power supply by using high frequency switching power to replace the phase controlled power supply, the intelligent high frequency switching power supply, as the third generation communication power supply, has completed the replacement of the second generation of the communication power supply, in the aspects of product design, cost control, manufacturing capacity, quality control and so on. It has considerable maturity and effectively supports the reliable operation of the commercial communication network.

Three and fourth generation communication DC power supply

At present, the soft switching technology is mostly used in the high frequency switching power supply in the network. The efficiency has been increased by more than 10% compared with the phase controlled power supply, and the operating efficiency of the low load rate can reach about 85%. Since 2008, the progress of control technology and device technology has made the more reasonable topology applied, and the fourth generation of power products with the efficiency of the rectifier more than 96% as the marked symbol began to be commercially available. Over the past 4 years, the efficient power supply has made greater technological progress, and the product maturity has fully met the requirements of the communications industry.  The mainstream manufacturers are now able to produce high efficiency switching power supply products. Some industry leading manufacturers have introduced the peak efficiency higher than 98% of the rectifier module (for the convenience of expression, the following fourth generation of communication DC power is called high efficiency DC power).

Application of four and fourth generation DC power supply for communication

From the application effect, the high efficiency DC power supply has higher reliability and environmental adaptability, and can effectively reduce the energy consumption of the base station.

1) higher reliability

Because the energy consumption of the product is reduced, the calorific value of the high-efficiency DC power supply is reduced. Compared with the ordinary efficient power supply, the efficiency of the high efficiency DC power supply is reduced by more than 50%. As shown in Figure 1, the temperature of the key components in the high efficiency module (rectifier bridge, switch device, main transformer and electrolytic capacitor) is reduced by about 5 to 15 centigrade at the temperature of the engine room at 25 to 35 C, and the life of the module is improved. The electrolytic capacitor, which is most sensitive to temperature, has a life expectancy of over 40%. From the actual failure rate statistics, the fourth generation communication power products are 10% to 20% lower than those of ordinary efficiency products.

Fig. 1 Comparison of thermal design, operation temperature and life of general and efficient modules

2) better ability to adapt to the environment

With the deepening of energy saving and emission reduction, the operation temperature of base stations has been gradually increased to minimize the energy consumption of refrigeration. After long term experiments have achieved good results, improving the working temperature of the air-conditioning has become an important means for operators to save energy and reduce emissions.

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,壁挂电源,嵌入式电源,机柜,通信机柜,网络机柜,直流电源系统,一体化开关电源,高频开关电源,

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China Mobile's "guidance on the work of the China Mobile 2011 Green Action Plan" requires 80% base station operating temperatures to 30 degrees C, and 20% of the base station operating temperature to 35. With the construction of WLAN and FTTx, more and more sites, such as the weak electric well, the staircase, and the lack of special environmental regulation equipment, are more and more, and the temperature, humidity and air cleanliness are not guaranteed. On the other hand, due to the fast speed of station establishment and low investment and operation cost, the development of outdoor sites is also on the rise in recent years. The development of the site requires the power equipment to have better environmental adaptability.

The DC power supply used in the base station network is generally allowed to operate at a temperature range from 5 to 40 C, and the daily average temperature is not higher than 35 C. The improvement of the digital level of the high efficiency module and the significant decrease of the calorific value provide the possibility of more optimized thermal design. The products with full load at 55 C have also appeared on the market, and the maximum allowable working temperature is allowed to reach 65 degrees C. DC power supply operating temperature range can be upgraded to enable power equipment.